Ingaruka z'uburyo bwo gucura icyuma cy'imodoka ku ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya

Agakoresho ko kuyobora imodoka ni kimwe mu bice by'ingenzi biri ku mugozi w'imodoka, bishobora gutuma imodoka igenda neza kandi igatanga icyerekezo cy'imodoka mu buryo bwihuse. Inshingano imwe ni ugutanga neza inguni y'uruziga rw'imodoka ku ruziga rw'imbere, kugenzura ku gihe inzira imodoka igendamo, bityo no kwemeza umutekano w'imodoka; indi nshingano ni ukwikorera umutwaro w'imbere w'imodoka, gushyigikira no kuyobora uruziga rw'imbere kugira ngo ruzenguruke ku ruhande rw'ikiganza, no kwihanganira imitwaro ihindagurika iyo imodoka itwaye. Kubwibyo, agakoresho ko kuyobora ntigasaba imbaraga zizewe gusa, ahubwo kagomba no kwemeza ko gatunganywa neza. Imiterere yabyo iragoye cyane, kandi hari imiterere myinshi ya geometrike igomba gutunganywa. Ubuziranenge bw'aho buri buso bwa geometrike bugomba kuba buri hejuru. Ubuziranenge bw'uburyo itunganya buzagira ingaruka ku buziranenge bw'uburyo imodoka ikora. Iyi nyandiko isesengura uburyo bwo gucura bukorwa n'uburyo bubiri butandukanye bwo gucura, isesengura ingaruka z'uburyo bwo gutandukanya, ikwirakwizwa ry'amafaranga n'ikosa ryo gucura ry'icyuma gifata icyuma ku ikoranabuhanga ryacyo ryo gutunganya, kandi ishyira imbere igishushanyo mbonera cy'ibikoresho n'uburyo bwo guhitamo ubuso bwo gushyiramo ibintu mu buryo bwo gutunganya.

Imiterere y'imiterere y'icyuma gikoresha icyuma giyobora

Imiterere y'agatsinsino k'umuyoboro w'igare iragoye cyane, kandi yibanda ku miterere y'ubwoko bune bw'ibice nk'umuyoboro, umwobo, impeta ya disiki, n'umuyoboro w'igare. Igizwe ahanini n'ibice bitatu: umuyoboro ushyigikira, umuyoboro w'igare, n'umuyoboro w'igare. Imiterere y'imiterere y'agatsinsino k'umuyoboro w'igare ni umuyoboro ugenda wiyongera ugizwe n'ubuso bw'inyuma bwa coaxial cylinder, ubuso bumeze nk'ubudodo, ubuso bufite imigozi, n'urutugu rw'umuyoboro, igice cy'impinduka n'ubuso bw'inyuma bugororotse ku murongo; igice cy'agatsinsino kirimo ubuso bw'umuyoboro, umugozi uhuza unyuze mu mwobo n'umwobo ufite imigozi kugira ngo umupaka w'ubuyobozi ugerweho; umuyoboro w'igare ni imiterere y'agatsinsino igizwe n'amatwi yo hejuru n'ayo hasi n'ubuso bw'agatsinsino k'umuyoboro w'igare.
Ukurikije ikoranabuhanga ryo gucura, imiterere y'icyuma gifata icyuma ni iyi: umugozi ushyigikira ni muto, umugozi ni munini kandi rimwe na rimwe ufite ubuso budasanzwe, umugozi ufata icyuma uhindurirwa inyuma n'inguni α uvuye hagati y'umugozi ushyigikira kandi ufite imiterere igoye. Dukurikije "GB12362-2003 Tolerances and Machining Allowances for Steel Die Forgings", icyuma gifata icyuma ni igice gisanzwe gifite imiterere igoye nk'umugozi.

Uburyo bwo gutunganya imigozi y'inyuma

Uburyo nyamukuru bwo gutunganya icyuma gifata icyuma ni: gusya impera y'inyuma y'icyuma gifata icyuma, gucukura imyobo yo hagati ku mpera zombi → gucukura impera y'inyuma y'icyuma gifata icyuma n'icyuma gifata icyuma → kurangiza igice cyo gukata no kurangiza igice cyo gukata icyuma gifata icyuma, gucukura, kurangiza igice cyo gukata icyuma, gucukura umugozi w'inyuma → gucukura no gukanda ku mugozi w'icyuma gifata icyuma → gucukura no gukata neza impera y'imbere n'inyuma y'amaherena yo hejuru n'ayo hasi → gucukura no kurangiza gutobora umwobo w'icyuma → kuzimya ubuso (uko bikenewe) → kurangiza gusya uduce duto n'udupande tw'icyuma → gushushanya ibimenyetso → kugenzura no kubika.

Ingaruka z'uburyo bwo gucura ku ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya

1. Uburyo bwo gucura

Hari inzira ebyiri zo gukora forgings zo kuyobora: plane partition (plane partition) n' vertical partition (vertical partition). Horizontal partition ni uburyo bwo gukora forging hamwe n'umurongo wo hagati w'icyuma nk'ubuso bwo gukora. Kubera ko igice cy'igice cy'icyuma gishyigikira gitandukanye cyane n'igice cy'icyuma gikingira n'igikarabiro, inzira yo gukora forging iragoye cyane kugira ngo ikwirakwize neza ahantu hadafite ikintu. Nubwo bimeze bityo, hazabaho urumuri runini ku isano iri hagati y'icyuma gishyigikira n'igikarabiro, kandi bizagenda bigabanuka buhoro buhoro mu cyerekezo cy'umurongo kugeza bigeze ku bugari busanzwe ku murizo. Igipimo cy'ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho by'ubu buryo bwo gukora forging ni gito. Uburyo bwo gukora vertical partition bushingiye ku murongo wo hagati w'icyuma kandi bugashingira ku myobo y'imashini ku mpande zombi. Ubu buryo bwo gukora forging bushobora gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora forging rifunze mu gihe cyo gukora forging, gukuramo neza umugozi no gukuramo imashini ku mpande zombi, hanyuma forging ya nyuma igakora kandi igasohora icyuma gisigaye.
Bitewe n'uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora ubucukuzi, imiterere y'ubuso bwo gutandukanya, igabanywa ry'amafaranga yo gukoresha mu gucura, n'amakosa yo gukoresha mu gucura no kwihanganira ubunini mu gihe cyo gucura bizagira ingaruka zitandukanye ku gutunganya urutoki rw'umuyoboro. Cyane cyane mu gikorwa cyo gucukura umwobo wo hagati ku iherezo ry'igitabo cyo gusya, guhindura no gusya igitabo cyo gushyigikira (reba uburyo ibice A na B bitunganywa ku Ishusho ya 1) n'inyuma y'urutoki, gutunganya imyobo ifite imigozi ku rutoki ruhuza ukuboko kw'urutoki rw'umuyoboro na feri, no gutunganya impera y'urutoki n'umwobo w'icyuma cy'umuyoboro (reba uburyo ibice C na D bitunganywa ku Ishusho ya 1), ingaruka ziragaragara cyane. Kubwibyo, mu gihe cyo gushushanya ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya no guhitamo ubuso bwo gushyiramo ibikoresho, ingamba zijyanye nazo zigomba gufatwa hakurikijwe uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora ubucukuzi.
Imbonerahamwe y'ibice bitunganya icyuma gikoresha icyuma gifata amaguru
Ishusho ya 1 Imbonerahamwe y'ibice bitunganya icyuma gikoresha icyuma gifata amapine

2. Gushyiraho uburyo bwo kwihanganira no gukoresha uburyo bwo gutunganya
Iyo icyuma gitandukanya icyuma gikoreshwa mu gucura icyuma gifata umugozi, ubuso butandukanya igikoresho bukunze gutoranywa ku gice kinini. Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2, AA ni ubuso bugabanya icyuma gifata umugozi, kandi icyerekezo cyo gucura kiba gihagaze neza aho icyuma gitandukanya icyuma giherereye, ni ukuvuga, ku cyerekezo cyerekanwa na BB. Muri ubu buryo, icyuma gifata umugozi gifatwa n'icyuma cyo hejuru n'icyo hasi. Amafaranga yo gukoresha ibice byo gucura icyuma akwirakwizwa ku buryo bungana ku gice gishyigikira, ku mpera y'urukiramende, no ku mpera y'urukiramende. Inguni y'icyuma gifata umugozi iri ku cyerekezo cyo gucura, ni ukuvuga icyerekezo cya BB, muri rusange ari 5° ~ 7°; mu gihe cyo gucura, bitewe n'ihindagurika ry'ibintu nk'ubushyuhe bw'icyuma n'imbaraga zo gucura, icyuma cyo hejuru n'icyo hasi ntigishobora gukandagirwa burundu, bityo ihindagurika ry'ingano y'ubunini ku cyerekezo cyo gucura rizakorwa ku cyuma, akenshi gifite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ± 1mm; kandi ikosa riterwa no kugorana kw'ibice byo hejuru n'ibyo hasi muri rusange ni ± 1.5mm.
Ubuso bw'aho icyuma gicamo ibice gihagaze butoranywa kugira ngo bube bugororotse ku ruhande rw'inkunga kandi bunyure hagati mu gice cy'urukiramende, ariko imiterere y'icyuma igaragaza ko ubuso bwacyo bucuramye ari ubuso bucuramye. Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2, ubuso bucuramye bugaragara muri CC ni ubuso bwacyo bucuramo ibice, kandi icyerekezo cyo gucuramo gihura n'icy'aho icyuma gicamo ibice, ni ukuvuga ku cyerekezo kigaragara muri DD. Ibyuma bikorerwa muri ubu buryo bitandukanye n'ibyakozwe no gucura mu buryo butambitse mu bijyanye no gukwirakwiza amafaranga yo gukoresha mu machining. Kubera ko hakenewe gushushanya icyuma cyo hejuru, nta shusho isubira inyuma ibaho, bityo hagomba kongerwaho amafaranga ku ruhande rw'imbere rw'imashini zo hejuru n'izo hasi kugira ngo habeho igishushanyo cyiza. Ibice by'ingenzi bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2 nka E na F. Uretse kongeramo amafaranga asanzwe ku gice cy'inkunga, kugira ngo byorohereze gukuraho icyuma gishyigikira, hongerwaho inguni y'inyongera kuva kuri 1° kugeza kuri 1.5° ku cyerekezo cy'umurongo. Dufashe ko umugozi w’inkunga ufite uburebure bwa mm 200, bitewe no kongeramo inguni y’inguni, kongeramo umugozi uva ku mpera y’umugozi muto ujya ku ijosi ry’umugozi w’inkunga ku mizi y’urushundura bizava kuri 0 kugeza kuri 0.35 ~ 0.5 mm, naho umugozi w’inyongera d = 200 tan (1 ° ~ 1.5 °). Ubunini bw’ubucukuzi bukunze kuba ± 1.5 mm, bukorwa mu cyerekezo cya DD, kandi ikosa muri rusange riba ± 1.5 mm, rikorwa rigororotse ku cyerekezo cya DD.
Ishusho y'icyitegererezo cy'imashini zigabanya ibice zigororotse n'izihagaze Ishusho ya 2 Ishusho y'icyitegererezo cy'imashini zigabanya ibice zigororotse n'izihagaze

3. Uburyo bwo gutunganya ibintu bifite ingaruka ku buzima
Ingaruka zitandukanye z'ibintu nko kwemera no kwihanganira mu buryo bubiri bwavuzwe haruguru bwo gukora forgings zigomba kwitabwaho mu gihe cyo gushushanya ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya, bitabaye ibyo bigira ingaruka ku ireme ry'uburyo bwo gutunganya icyuma gifata ibyuma. Ingaruka zitandukanye zo gutunganya zigomba kwitabwaho ni izi:

(1) Gutunganya umugozi ushyigikira icyuma gifata icyuma gifata icyuma Uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gutunganya umugozi ushyigikira icyuma ni ugusya impera y'umugozi, gucukura umwobo wo hagati, no guhindukiza no gusya ibice bitandukanye (reba ibice A na B ku Ishusho ya 1). Izi nzira zombi zirafitanye isano, cyane cyane inzira yo gucukura umwobo wo hagati. Umwobo wo hagati si icyerekezo cyo gushyiramo gusa uburyo bwo gutunganya umwobo ushyigikira, ahubwo ni icyerekezo cyo gupima ingano n'imiterere itandukanye ku mugozi ushyigikira. Niba umurongo uhuza utwobo tubiri two hagati udashobora guhura n'umurongo w'umugozi ushyigikira icyuma mu gihe cyo gutunganya, bizatuma habaho ikwirakwizwa ritaringaniye ry'umugozi ushyigikira no kugaragara kw'igipimo cya okiside mu imashini (ni ukuvuga ubuso busigaye bwo gucukura). Mu kugereranya ibice by'imashini bikoreshwa n'ubwo buryo bwombi, bigaragara ko ku mugozi uyobora icyuma ukorwa na die forging ihagaze, kubera ko gucukura igice cy'umugozi ushyigikira igikoresho kiba mu mwobo wa cylindrical, uburebure bw'iki gice ni bwiza kandi uburebure buringaniye, bityo biroroha guhitamo aho ushyira icyuma mu gihe cyo gutunganya umwobo wo hagati. Ariko, bitewe n’ingaruka z’ibintu nko kugorana, kwihanganira ubunini, no gukata ibisigazwa, gucura ibirenge mu buryo butambitse bizahindura uruziga rudasobanutse. Ikwirakwizwa ry’ibipimo ahantu hatandukanye mu gasanduku rihinduka cyane bitewe n’ibintu byinshi. Hashingiwe kuri uku guhinduka kw’imiterere y’agasanduku ko gucura, mu gihe cyo guhitamo aho umwobo wo hagati wo gucura, hagomba kwitabwaho kuwushushanya hakoreshejwe ishusho ya V ku nguni ya 45° ugana ku buso bwo gutandukanya. Ibi bishobora kwirinda ingaruka z’ibisigazwa bya flash no kugorana, kandi bigatuma umurongo wo guhuza umwobo wo hagati wegera umurongo wo hagati w’agasanduku ko gucura, kugira ngo amafaranga akurikiraho yo gucura akwirakwizwe ku buryo bungana.

(2) Ingano z'umugozi w'inkunga Umugozi w'uburebure bw'urukuta rw'inyuma rw'urukuta rw'inyuma rw'urukuta rugaragara ku Ishusho ya 1 ufitanye isano. Ingano y'ubugari bw'urukuta rw'umwobo w'inyuma w'urukuta rwa 11mm ni ingenzi cyane. Ufitanye isano n'imbaraga z'ubugari bw'urukuta rw'umwobo w'inyuma, bityo ugomba kwemezwa. Mu isesengura ry'isano riri hagati y'umugozi w'uburebure bw'urukuta, ihindagurika ry'ubugari bw'urukuta rigomba kurebwa hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye bwo gucura iyo umwobo wo hagati ucukuwe mu ntambwe ya mbere yo gutunganya impera. Niba ari ugucura utambitse, ingano y'uburebure bw'urukuta ikorerwa mu bicu byo hejuru n'ibyo hasi, kandi ihindagurika ryarwo rigirwaho ingaruka cyane cyane n'ikosa ryo gucura. Niba ari ugucura ukozwe no gucura uhagaze, ingano y'uburebure bw'urukuta ikorerwa mu bicu byo hejuru n'ibyo hasi, kandi ihindagurika ry'ingano y'uburebure bw'urukuta rwayo rigirwaho ingaruka cyane cyane n'ubunini bw'ubunini bw'urukuta. Kubwibyo, muri iki gihe, ni byiza guhitamo icyuma cyo hejuru cyakozwe mu cyuma kimwe n'ubugari bw'urukuta rw'umwobo w'insinga mu gihe uhitamo ingano ya mbere y'aho uhagaze, ni ukuvuga guhitamo ubuso bw'urukiramende hafi y'aho ufata.

(3) Gutunganya Flange Igice cy'urukiramende rw'icyuma gihagaze gikozwe mu mwobo wuzuye, bityo ihindagurika ry'amakosa yacyo ni rito. Mu gutunganya imyobo ihuza impande z'icyuma, igihe cyose aho umwobo wo hagati w'umugozi ushyigikira ari ingenzi, ubugari bw'urukuta rukikije umwobo uhuza buzaba bungana cyane. Ku byuma bikozwe hakoreshejwe icyuma gifunganye, igice cy'icyuma gishyirwa mu biti byo hejuru n'ibyo hasi. Bitewe n'ingaruka z'ikosa ryo gufunga no kwihanganira ubugari, kandi hashingiwe ku kibazo cyo hagati cy'umwobo cyasesenguwe haruguru, mu gutunganya imyobo ihuza impande z'icyuma, hari ibyago by'ubugari bw'urukuta ruzingiye umwobo cyangwa ndetse no kuba ruto cyane. Hagomba kwitabwaho. Niba bibaye ngombwa, hashobora gusabwa kongeramo uburyo bukwiye bwo gufunga impande z'umwobo kugira ngo hirindwe iyi ngaruka. Byongeye kandi, ubugari bw'urukiramende rw'ibyuma bikorerwa hakoreshejwe icyuma gihagaze bugira ingaruka ku bugari bw'icyuma. Uburyo bwo gufunga impande z'urukiramende z'ibyuma bisohoka mu byiciro bitandukanye burahinduka. Ibi nabyo bigomba kwitabwaho mu gihe cyo gukora.

(4) Gutunganya iforogo y'ikiganza Kubera ko hari inguni α hagati y'igice cy'umugozi w'icyuma gishyigikira icyuma n'igice cyacyo, iyo ukoresheje forging ihagaze kugira ngo utange iforogo, kugira ngo wirinde gusubira inyuma no gutuma igice cyo hejuru cy'icyuma gikura mu mwobo, inyongera igomba kongerwa. Mu myanya ya E na F igaragara ku Ishusho ya 2, cyane cyane aho F iri, inyongera ni nini. Dufashe ko α = 7 °, uburebure bw'iforogo ni 70 mm, kandi inguni isanzwe y'icyuma ni 3 °, kwiyongera k'inyongera y'umuzi w'iforogo ni: δ = 70 tan7 ° + 70 tan3 ° = 12.2 mm. Muri ubu buryo, inyongera nini y'inyongera y'iki gice igomba kwitabwaho mu gihe cyo gutunganya iforogo, cyane cyane iyo itunganyijwe; mu gihe inyongera y'inyongera zitambitse muri ibi bice ishobora gutegurwa hakurikijwe uburyo busanzwe, bityo ingano y'inyongera ni nto, ariko kubera ko hari inyongera hagati y'inyongera ebyiri, kugira ngo hamenyekane neza ko umwobo wo hagati, iki gice muri rusange gisya. Byongeye kandi, iyo utunganya ikanya, ubusanzwe ikirango gikoreshwa mu gushyira ahantu. Ku bijyanye no gushushanya mu buryo buhagaze, bitewe n'ingaruka z'ikosa, uburyo bwo gukora ikanya burahinduka, kandi mu bihe bikomeye, uburyo bwo gukora icyuma buragabanuka kandi ingano ya okiside izakorwa.

Umwanzuro
Ibyuma byombi bikozwe mu buryo butambitse n'ubutambitse bikoreshwa cyane muri iki gihe mu gukora ibyuma bikoreshwa mu kuyobora imodoka. Ku byuma bikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye, bitewe n'uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora, uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza amafaranga yo gukoresha mu gutunganya no gutandukanya ibikoresho, hagomba gukorwa isesengura ryihariye mu gihe cyo gutunganya ibikoresho, kandi hagafatwa ingamba hakurikijwe ibihe bitandukanye, kugira ngo uburyo butandukanye bwo gushyira no gukata bushobore gukoreshwa mu gutunganya umwobo wo hagati w'umuyoboro ushyigikira, gutunganya flange no gutunganya iforoma, kugira ngo haboneke ikoranabuhanga ryiza ryo gutunganya ibikoresho.